How to negotiate salary.

The negotiation in six steps.

1. Find your number before you talk. Before any conversation, pull an estimated range for your role, level, and city, then check it against the published BLS wage for that occupation. Not a gut feel, not last year, and not your current salary. A specific number you can defend is the anchor everything else hangs on.
2. Never give the first number. When asked for your expectations, deflect once. Turn it back: what range has the company budgeted for this role. If pressed, give a market-based range, not a single figure, and never your current salary.
3. Counter above your target with a range. When the offer lands, counter above where you actually want to end up so the compromise settles at your target. Use a range, anchored on market data, and keep your enthusiasm for the role visible throughout.
4. Anchor on the market, not your needs. Justify the number with what the role pays, never with rent or bills. Market rate is a fact the company can act on. Your personal budget is not their problem and it weakens the ask.
5. Negotiate the whole package. Base is one lever. Signing bonus, equity, start date, title, remote flexibility, and review timing all move. If base is capped, trade for the others. Ask what has flexibility.
6. Get the final offer in writing before you accept. Every agreed number goes in the written offer before you say yes and before you give notice. A verbal promise is not a term. Confirm it on paper, then accept.

Know your number before you open your mouth.

Everything else in this guide hangs on one thing: a specific number for what your role pays, at your level, in your city. Not a feeling. Not what you make now. Not what a friend told you over drinks. A number you have written down and can say out loud without hedging.

Do this before any conversation, including the recruiter screen. If you walk in without a number you will anchor on whatever the company says first, because you will have nothing else to anchor on, and the company runs this conversation more often than you do. So do the work in advance. Pull the range for your exact role and city, note the midpoint and the top of the band, then decide two figures and write both down: your target, which is what you genuinely want, and your walk-away, which is the number below which you say no. You will not invent either one calmly in the moment.

Use two sources, not one. Orbyt's Salary Explorer covers 3,445 roles across 81 US cities, and the free salary calculator gives you a role-and-city range in seconds. Those figures are computed estimates, a national baseline scaled by a cost-of-living multiplier, not measured wages, so use them to frame your range and nothing more. Then check the number against the published BLS wage for that occupation, shown on the role page, which carries a government source behind it. When you need a figure with a citation attached, say the BLS one.

When to negotiate, and when not to.

Timing is leverage. The right moment to negotiate the number is after you have a written offer and before you accept it. That is the peak of your power in the entire process. The company has chosen you, invested weeks to get here, and does not want to reopen the search. You still hold your alternatives. Both of those are true only in that window.

Do not negotiate the number in the first interview. When a recruiter asks early about expectations, that is a screening question, not an offer. Deflect it (the next section shows how). And do not wait until after you have signed or given notice at your current job, when your leverage has evaporated. Negotiate in the window, not before it and not after it.

There is one more timing question, and it is the expensive one: whether to negotiate at all. In Fidelity's 2022 Career Assessment Study, 58 percent of Americans said they accepted the first offer at their current job without countering, while 85 percent of those who did counter got at least part of what they asked for. Accepting on the spot is the one move on this page that guarantees you the first number and nothing above it. If you do nothing else in this guide, ask once.

Never give the first number.

Whoever says a number first anchors the conversation. You want that to be the company, because their first number tells you their budget, and your first number can only cap your own upside. So when you are asked for your salary expectations, deflect once.

Turn the question back:

“I want to make sure this is a strong fit on both sides first. Do you have a budgeted range for this role? I am happy to work within it.”

If they insist you go first, do not give a single figure and never give your current salary. Give a market-based range with your target near the bottom of it:

“Based on the market rate for this role in this city, I have been targeting somewhere in the range of X to Y.”

In a growing number of places, pay-transparency laws mean the range is posted or available on request. Ask for it. Your current salary is off the table: in many US jurisdictions employers cannot legally ask, and even where they can, it only anchors you to your past, not your market.

The counter: how much to ask for.

When the offer lands, you counter. The mechanic is simple: ask for more than your target so the compromise settles at your target. Build the number out of the band you wrote down, not out of a percentage rule you read somewhere. Put the bottom of your counter at or just above your target. Put the top near the ceiling of the range for your role and city. Ask for the span between them. If the offer already sits near that ceiling, ask for less, because there is less room, and pushing hard on a strong offer reads as tone-deaf.

Two rules make the counter land:

1. Anchor on the market, not your needs. “The market rate for this role is X” is a fact the company can act on. “I need X to cover my rent” is your problem, not theirs, and it weakens the ask.
2. Give a range, and put the enthusiasm in the same message. A range invites a meeting in the middle. A flat demand invites a flat no. Every message you send, the counter included, opens by saying you want the job and closes with a question rather than a demand, so the ask reads as a candidate asking instead of a candidate shopping.

The scripts, word for word.

Steal these. Adjust the numbers, keep the shape.

The opening counter

“Thank you so much for the offer. I am genuinely excited about this role and the team. Based on the market rate for this position in this city, I was expecting something closer to the X to Y range. Is there flexibility to get closer to that?”

Then stop talking. Silence is leverage. Let them respond.

When base is capped

“I understand there may not be room on base. Are there other levers we can look at, a signing bonus, an earlier review, additional equity, or a title adjustment, to get the overall package closer to where I was hoping?”

The email version

If it is in writing, keep it short, warm, specific, and end with a clear question:

“Hi [name], thank you for the offer, I am excited to join. I have one question on compensation. Based on market data for this role in [city], I was targeting the X to Y range. Would you be able to meet me at Z? Happy to talk it through.”

Negotiate the package, not just base.

Base salary is the most visible lever, but it is rarely the only one, and it is often the most rigid because it sets bands for everyone. When base will not move, the rest of the package frequently will.

• Signing bonus. Often the easiest yes, because it is one-time and does not reset internal bands.
• Equity. Can be the biggest number of all at a startup, and the hardest to value. Understand what you are being granted before you trade base for it.
• Start date, title, and review timing. A slightly later start, a better title, or a review at six months instead of twelve all have real value and often cost the company little.
• Remote flexibility and PTO. Sometimes worth more than a few thousand in base, depending on your life.

For the full math on total compensation, equity at different growth scenarios, and comparing two offers side by side, the Job Offer Guide has the models. Here the point is simpler: ask what has flexibility, and negotiate the whole thing.

The competing-offer play, and how to do without one.

A genuine competing offer is the strongest leverage there is, and if you have one, use it plainly and honestly: “I have another offer at X. I would rather be here. Can you close the gap?” Never bluff a competing offer you do not have. If they call it, you have lost all your credibility at the worst possible moment.

Most of the time you will not have a competing offer, and that is fine, because market data is its own leverage.A credible, specific number for what the role pays does the same work as a rival offer: it gives the company a concrete reason to move that is not about your feelings. “Based on market rates for this role, I was targeting X” is a strong position on its own. You do not need someone else bidding to justify asking for your market rate.

When they say no.

Sometimes the answer is no, or a smaller yes than you wanted. That is not the end of the conversation, and it is not a reason to panic. You have options.

• Pivot to the rest of the package. If base is truly fixed, move to signing bonus, equity, or an early review. A no on base is often a yes somewhere else.
• Ask what it would take. “What would I need to demonstrate to get to X at my first review?” turns a no today into a documented path.
• Decide against your walk-away. This is why you set it in advance. If the final number is above your walk-away and the role is right, take it without regret. If it is below, you already know your answer.

You will not get a guarantee here, and you should not trust anyone who offers you one. What you can control is the shape of the ask: one counter, one range, one reason, and a sentence saying you want the job. If a company pulls an offer over a question asked that way, it just showed you how it handles disagreement, and you found that out while it was still cheap to find out.

The close: get it in writing.

When you have an agreement, close it cleanly. Confirm every number you negotiated, base, bonus, equity, start date, title, in the written offer before you say yes. A verbal “we will take care of you” is not a term. A number on the offer letter is.

Then close it in one message. Accept in writing, confirm the start date in the same email, thank the person who ran the process, and stop reopening the number. Give notice after the countersigned offer is in your inbox, never before. Then log it: the offer, the counter you sent, the number you landed on, and the range you argued from. Do that on every search and you walk into the next negotiation with your own history instead of a guess. If you are running your search in Orbyt, the offer sits next to the range you used to justify it, which is exactly where it belongs.